Human Development to Overcome Unemployment 

Through Good Governance Perspective 

(Participation and Accountability of Government 

To Solve The Problem of Indonesian Labors) 

Abstract 

             Human resource is one key factor in global competition, how to create human resources who have a good quality, skills and highly competitive in the global competition which we ignored. In essence, human development has two concepts, human development as the subject (human capital) and object (human resources) development. Human development can solve the problem of unemployment. High unemployment in Indonesia due to imbalance of the labor force and the number of available jobs and then availability and utilization of labor between regions are not balanced. Thus, one of the government programs to tackle unemployment Indonesia is the distribution of labor to abroad. But in practice, there are various problems about Indonesian labors in foreign country. This is because the distribution and placement of Indonesian labor to abroad are not followed by an increase in the quality of human resources. Therefore, handling the problem of unemployment and Indonesian labors need the involvement of all stakeholders (government, private and public) are reflected in the perspective of good governance. Good Governance perspective on the paper is seen from the participation and accountability government in dealing with migrant workers. 

1. Participation of Government, Public and Private in Human Development to Reduce Unemployment

Indonesia is a developing country that does development in all fields. The development challenges we face today is complicated by the globalization. Each individual should have more ability than others to be able to compete with the international community in the face of globalization. This is the concept of modern man, where man is the key to the development. One way that can be used in order to compete in the era of the third millennium was the human development of Indonesia by improving the quality of human resources. But in fact, human resources as labor conditions we have today still require serious attention in the development of this nation. This is evident from the high unemployment which is one cause of high rates of poverty in Indonesia. 

Human development is done by increasing the quality of human resources. Human resource development in Indonesia based on education and employment. Education and employment are not evenly distributed across various regions due to its development is strongly influenced by geography and social culture. Education is one means to improve the quality of human resources, which as modern humans which as claimed by Inkeles and Smith. The characteristics of modern humans can be realized through improved education. Education can be improved through the knowledge and skills which will further impact on increasing productivity. The role of education in development is to develop individual competence, where competence is needed to increase productivity, and in general will improve the ability of citizens and more and more citizens will have the ability to improve people's lives as a whole. 

Education can also be seen as investments of human resource and the results will be obtained a few years later. Currently, there is a tendency that the degree more college graduates are unemployed than working. This is mainly due to lack of available jobs, but residents who graduated from college each year is always increasing. As a result, many of the fresh graduates who work in field are not his forte. This must be done with consideration rather than unemployed. In addition, many people are primary school graduates who choose to become migrant workers in order to meet their needs. 

Human development through can form a human who have the ability to critic, that they can see the constraints of social, economic, political, cultural and others from the existing social system, and find alternatives solution. So, this concern is the formation of a good mental attitude and critical thinking are brilliant, always want to be advanced and performance, the soul grows be entrepreneur, have excellent ideas, views forward and able to meet tomorrow as an agent of development. If already have this level of resources is also expected to develop science and technology, including indigenous explore and develop its technology. This will give rise to social and economic capabilities. 

Human development can be through education which contributes directly to economic growth, and hence expenditure on education should be viewed as a productive investment. Investment in education has many functions in addition to the technical function is the function of socio-economic humanitarian, political functions, cultural functions and educational functions. In the technical functions of the economic, education linked to economic growth (human capital theory). People who have higher education levels, measured by the length of time for the school, will have jobs and better wages than those with lower education. If wages reflect to productivity, the more people who have higher education so the higher the productivity and the national economy would grow taller. It is closely related in reducing unemployment and poverty if the people of Indonesia have high productivity. It is closely related in reducing unemployment and poverty if the people of Indonesia have high productivity. So it’s not surprising that many people of Indonesia who is a migrant worker because of their low education but want to have a high salary. The factors that influence in the education sector are the issue of limitations and equitable distribution of facilities and infrastructure (schools, equipment, books and teachers). Adequacy of teachers and teachers' welfare is often constrained in geographical and social factors that will affect the quality of education. 

Therefore, the participation of government, public and private sector is necessary in the development of the Indonesian through education so it can be to reduce unemployment and address the workers. It also will reduce the problem of violence and loss experienced by the workers. Participation of the government to reduce unemployment through human development can be said is still lacking, not visible from the prevalence of education (infrastructure), particularly in rural and remote areas. Well-being of teachers is also overlooked by the government, it is seen from the low wages of teachers in Indonesia. Government participation is still patchy, which is visible from the delivery Indonesian labor. Distribution of Indonesian labor that do BNP2TKI and PJTKI are still not optimal. Currently there are many illegal workers and the low protection of Indonesian labor in abroad. For example, in Malaysia, there are legal labors and illegal labors. The number of legal Indonesian labors in Malaysia was about 1.089 million people and then the illegal labor about 1.5 million people.[1] That many illegal migrants are also due to the complicated bureaucracy to become legal labor. In addition, the protection of migrant workers in abroad is still low, data workers who come and complain to the Embassy of the Republic of Indonesia (KBRI) in the countries of the placement, from January to April 2010 only 706 people TKI (about 5%) of 18 174 TKIs with problems.[2]

Distribution and sending Indonesian labors to abroad are not entirely centered on the government but also the need for public and private participation. As a result of limited employment opportunities and lack of education in the communities and the desire to improve the living standard of the family economy causing them to take shortcuts that become workers. However, their strong desire for a more prosperous, not followed by the skills possessed and eventually their own loss and problematic when working abroad. The low education workers lead their candidate gullible. They do not understand the rules and requirements for work to abroad. False identities become commonplace. Many candidates are too young age, but for the sake of ease the process, at the age of forged documents. Counterfeiting is not just age, but also the name and address. In addition, to become a legal migrant workers are required costs are expensive and complicated. There are several requirements that must be met to become legal workers, such as: sent by an authorized agent who helped make the passport and visa, obtain health certificate, have the skills and language skills, as well as paying for insurance and other obligations. So, they chose to be very risky illegal workers exposed to problems and hurt themselves. 

Participation of private sector is still considered less in the provision of employment to reduce unemployment. Distribution Indonesian labor companies most often take shortcuts. They are illegal PJTKI and PPTKIS. Greater private sector role than the government in terms of the distribution of workers, causing the agents control almost all the initial process, recruitment, passport and visa applications, training, transit, and placement of migrant workers. Generally, the new Indonesian workers abroad first are those who were recruited by brokers who come to his village with the promise of a certain wage, a lot of job options, and offered to help ease the process. 

Therefore, the government needs to review the participation of society and the private sector. Private and public sector need to work together to enhance the empowerment of people so that more actively participate in the development of employment. It starts from the planning, preparation and policy formulation, policy implementation and evaluation of policies that have been implemented. Government participation can be realized through the distribution of facilities and infrastructure that support education in all areas, especially in rural areas, secluded and borders. Distribution infrastructure is the proper construction of school buildings in order, school equipment such as chairs and tables and books suitable to be used, so as to support teaching and learning better. In addition, the government must also consider the welfare of teachers to increase their wages so they would be placed into the rural areas and remote areas. The government also participated in providing training and skills in rural communities so they can meet their needs by being entrepreneurial and oriented not only to migrant workers to improve their lives. The government should conduct rigorous oversight of the agencies when they distribute and send Indonesian labor to abroad so it can be reduce illegal migrants. Furthermore, the government should also provide capital to people who are trying to create jobs for other people. 

Indonesian society as part of modern society in the era of globalization should also participate actively in human development to reduce unemployment. Communities are also need to be more creative and independent. Creative and independent human are capable of being honed its skills by attending various training and skills that are not only oriented to work on people but to be entrepreneurs and create jobs for others. 

Participation of the private good can be realized by not only oriented to gain as much as possible from the community but also played a role in human development through giving the job training and internships, increased wages, creating jobs and distribution of labor to the regions and countries, and the last one is obeying every rule and government policy. 

2. Accountability of Government Troubleshooting Indonesia Labor to Overseas 

Various issues concerning migrant workers working abroad are enough attracted the attention of all aspects of society. The government considered less responsible and less concerned about the fate of migrant workers. It can be seen from the protection of migrant workers are still minimal problems. Government has yet to respond to cases that occurred and still have not made a decisive action for the country that commit acts of violence in our workforce, though the government realized that our labor in overseas are the largest source of foreign exchange. The low protection of migrant workers is not yet ratified the International Convention for the Protection of Migrant Workers and Their Families by the government of Indonesia. It is undeniable that the conventional is an attempt to minimize the dehumanization of migrant workers should have rights as to which men in general. 

Lack of government accountability can be seen from a variety of things. First, during the process of recruiting workers who wants to work in abroad is mostly done by PPTKIS that is through the broker who directly recruit migrant workers in the area. The brokers are free to recruit workers with no guarantee that if the jobs promised by brokers in accordance with earlier agreements. The existence of the brokers course fret a lot of parties and in fact the promised jobs do not fit and migrant workers are victims of human trafficking. 

Second, the centralized placement system that makes high-cost placements. Most of the migrant workers, especially informal workers, cut salaries of five-seven months. The pay cut is not fair and ultimately many cases of workers who fled from their employers because they are not paid and not getting good treatment. The amount of placement fee is of course due to the centralized placement system and a lack of government's role in the placement process so entirely left to the private sector to exploit the weaknesses and limitations of workers. The cost of expensive placements should be regulated by the government, including the provision of passport free, low-cost health screenings through the hospitals, and restrictions on recruitment costs should be regulated in the shrimp. 

Third, low government accountability is also seen from the weak role of local government. So far the role of local government ignored and the placement of workers created a centralized process that local governments do not have a significant role in the protection of migrant workers. Supposedly, the role of local government can be maximized in the process of placement, pre-placement training, also training centers can be maximized in order to reduce the cost of placement and easy to supervise PPTKIS. 

Fourth, the accountability of government through Indonesian labor insurance. Insurance concept which is currently running so it does not protect workers because of the obligation to pay 400 thousand per migrant workers are not offset by the benefits they receive. Claims cases are difficult and complicated, given the compensation is very difficult for experienced workers overseas events, and can not be used directly by the workers when sick. In addition, it can not be guaranteed in a hospital abroad as workers exposed to violence or accidents. Further, in their destination countries are obliged to pay local insurance which is actually more useful than the insurer in the country. It is time when the concept of Indonesian labor insurance is managed directly by the government to establish a trust fund with the trustee system. If necessary it is included in the recently passed BPJS that workers have social security, including pension and retirement. 

Fifth, the standard contract. During this time, the signing of the contract is submitted to the agency and the employer so that the contract workers vary. Even for informal workers, many of which do not have employment contracts. Granted in the Act emphasized the role of government in creating a standard employment contract for workers that are tailored to the sector of employment and conditions of the country of destination. That way, workers are protected in the legal aspects of formal and strict government control, and also in accordance with the agreed rules. Sixth, legal protection for migrant workers abroad who become victims of crime or committing a crime. This rule should expressly clarify the role of the state and the role of RI representative offices abroad to provide protection to the workers so that the government has a clear standard of protection and assertive in advocating for migrant workers. 

Governments should implement measures to improve policies placement and protection of migrant workers, including migrant workers handling problems, facilitation and problem solving operational workers, and providing advocacy and legal protection for migrant workers abroad. Government is obliged to issue a policy that reduces the problem of migrant workers such as revising legislation placement and protection of migrant workers, especially workers in the informal sector; revitalize BLK (Training Center) in order to generate candidates for a highly skilled workforce that no longer work in the informal sector. 

Governments are also needs to improve oversight not only when prospective workers is prepared at home, also for working abroad and after returning to the country, including overseeing the practice of labor agents; just send prospective migrants who have skills, as well as knowledge of language and culture country of destination; the right man on the right job for the placement policy and the protection of migrant workers abroad realize the convenience of working, and spur the availability of jobs in the country. In addition, there is need for improvement in the TKI database system that Embassy offices in foreign countries so that the government can also find out how many people work in the country. 

Government accountability can be enhanced through improved human resource competencies. Human resources are comprised of government resources sector, businessmen and labor resources. Competence includes three elements: the element of knowledge (knowledge) and skills (skills) which is a function of cognition, as well as socio-psychological elements of attitude and outlook which is a function of affection. Increased competence can be done by: a continuous education and training and match job demands, adequate material rewards in the form of wages and welfare systems, rewards and sanctions (rewards and punishment). 

[1] Win. 2012. Jumlah TKI Ilegal Lebih Banyak daripada TKI Legal. Source: http://jabar.tribunnews.com/2012/02/27/jumlah-tki-ilegal-lebih-banyak-daripada-tki-legal


[2] Nabellasefina. 2011. Kemlu Hadapi Dilemma Tangani TKI Bermasalah. Source:http://nabellasefina.blog.fisip.uns.ac.id/2011/09/07/kemlu-hadapi-dilema-tangani-tki-bermasalah/