Human Development to Overcome Unemployment 

Through Good Governance Perspective 

(Participation and Accountability of Government 

To Solve The Problem of Indonesian Labors) 

Abstract 

             Human resource is one key factor in global competition, how to create human resources who have a good quality, skills and highly competitive in the global competition which we ignored. In essence, human development has two concepts, human development as the subject (human capital) and object (human resources) development. Human development can solve the problem of unemployment. High unemployment in Indonesia due to imbalance of the labor force and the number of available jobs and then availability and utilization of labor between regions are not balanced. Thus, one of the government programs to tackle unemployment Indonesia is the distribution of labor to abroad. But in practice, there are various problems about Indonesian labors in foreign country. This is because the distribution and placement of Indonesian labor to abroad are not followed by an increase in the quality of human resources. Therefore, handling the problem of unemployment and Indonesian labors need the involvement of all stakeholders (government, private and public) are reflected in the perspective of good governance. Good Governance perspective on the paper is seen from the participation and accountability government in dealing with migrant workers. 

1. Participation of Government, Public and Private in Human Development to Reduce Unemployment

Indonesia is a developing country that does development in all fields. The development challenges we face today is complicated by the globalization. Each individual should have more ability than others to be able to compete with the international community in the face of globalization. This is the concept of modern man, where man is the key to the development. One way that can be used in order to compete in the era of the third millennium was the human development of Indonesia by improving the quality of human resources. But in fact, human resources as labor conditions we have today still require serious attention in the development of this nation. This is evident from the high unemployment which is one cause of high rates of poverty in Indonesia. 

Human development is done by increasing the quality of human resources. Human resource development in Indonesia based on education and employment. Education and employment are not evenly distributed across various regions due to its development is strongly influenced by geography and social culture. Education is one means to improve the quality of human resources, which as modern humans which as claimed by Inkeles and Smith. The characteristics of modern humans can be realized through improved education. Education can be improved through the knowledge and skills which will further impact on increasing productivity. The role of education in development is to develop individual competence, where competence is needed to increase productivity, and in general will improve the ability of citizens and more and more citizens will have the ability to improve people's lives as a whole. 

Education can also be seen as investments of human resource and the results will be obtained a few years later. Currently, there is a tendency that the degree more college graduates are unemployed than working. This is mainly due to lack of available jobs, but residents who graduated from college each year is always increasing. As a result, many of the fresh graduates who work in field are not his forte. This must be done with consideration rather than unemployed. In addition, many people are primary school graduates who choose to become migrant workers in order to meet their needs. 

Human development through can form a human who have the ability to critic, that they can see the constraints of social, economic, political, cultural and others from the existing social system, and find alternatives solution. So, this concern is the formation of a good mental attitude and critical thinking are brilliant, always want to be advanced and performance, the soul grows be entrepreneur, have excellent ideas, views forward and able to meet tomorrow as an agent of development. If already have this level of resources is also expected to develop science and technology, including indigenous explore and develop its technology. This will give rise to social and economic capabilities. 

Human development can be through education which contributes directly to economic growth, and hence expenditure on education should be viewed as a productive investment. Investment in education has many functions in addition to the technical function is the function of socio-economic humanitarian, political functions, cultural functions and educational functions. In the technical functions of the economic, education linked to economic growth (human capital theory). People who have higher education levels, measured by the length of time for the school, will have jobs and better wages than those with lower education. If wages reflect to productivity, the more people who have higher education so the higher the productivity and the national economy would grow taller. It is closely related in reducing unemployment and poverty if the people of Indonesia have high productivity. It is closely related in reducing unemployment and poverty if the people of Indonesia have high productivity. So it’s not surprising that many people of Indonesia who is a migrant worker because of their low education but want to have a high salary. The factors that influence in the education sector are the issue of limitations and equitable distribution of facilities and infrastructure (schools, equipment, books and teachers). Adequacy of teachers and teachers' welfare is often constrained in geographical and social factors that will affect the quality of education. 

Therefore, the participation of government, public and private sector is necessary in the development of the Indonesian through education so it can be to reduce unemployment and address the workers. It also will reduce the problem of violence and loss experienced by the workers. Participation of the government to reduce unemployment through human development can be said is still lacking, not visible from the prevalence of education (infrastructure), particularly in rural and remote areas. Well-being of teachers is also overlooked by the government, it is seen from the low wages of teachers in Indonesia. Government participation is still patchy, which is visible from the delivery Indonesian labor. Distribution of Indonesian labor that do BNP2TKI and PJTKI are still not optimal. Currently there are many illegal workers and the low protection of Indonesian labor in abroad. For example, in Malaysia, there are legal labors and illegal labors. The number of legal Indonesian labors in Malaysia was about 1.089 million people and then the illegal labor about 1.5 million people.[1] That many illegal migrants are also due to the complicated bureaucracy to become legal labor. In addition, the protection of migrant workers in abroad is still low, data workers who come and complain to the Embassy of the Republic of Indonesia (KBRI) in the countries of the placement, from January to April 2010 only 706 people TKI (about 5%) of 18 174 TKIs with problems.[2]

Distribution and sending Indonesian labors to abroad are not entirely centered on the government but also the need for public and private participation. As a result of limited employment opportunities and lack of education in the communities and the desire to improve the living standard of the family economy causing them to take shortcuts that become workers. However, their strong desire for a more prosperous, not followed by the skills possessed and eventually their own loss and problematic when working abroad. The low education workers lead their candidate gullible. They do not understand the rules and requirements for work to abroad. False identities become commonplace. Many candidates are too young age, but for the sake of ease the process, at the age of forged documents. Counterfeiting is not just age, but also the name and address. In addition, to become a legal migrant workers are required costs are expensive and complicated. There are several requirements that must be met to become legal workers, such as: sent by an authorized agent who helped make the passport and visa, obtain health certificate, have the skills and language skills, as well as paying for insurance and other obligations. So, they chose to be very risky illegal workers exposed to problems and hurt themselves. 

Participation of private sector is still considered less in the provision of employment to reduce unemployment. Distribution Indonesian labor companies most often take shortcuts. They are illegal PJTKI and PPTKIS. Greater private sector role than the government in terms of the distribution of workers, causing the agents control almost all the initial process, recruitment, passport and visa applications, training, transit, and placement of migrant workers. Generally, the new Indonesian workers abroad first are those who were recruited by brokers who come to his village with the promise of a certain wage, a lot of job options, and offered to help ease the process. 

Therefore, the government needs to review the participation of society and the private sector. Private and public sector need to work together to enhance the empowerment of people so that more actively participate in the development of employment. It starts from the planning, preparation and policy formulation, policy implementation and evaluation of policies that have been implemented. Government participation can be realized through the distribution of facilities and infrastructure that support education in all areas, especially in rural areas, secluded and borders. Distribution infrastructure is the proper construction of school buildings in order, school equipment such as chairs and tables and books suitable to be used, so as to support teaching and learning better. In addition, the government must also consider the welfare of teachers to increase their wages so they would be placed into the rural areas and remote areas. The government also participated in providing training and skills in rural communities so they can meet their needs by being entrepreneurial and oriented not only to migrant workers to improve their lives. The government should conduct rigorous oversight of the agencies when they distribute and send Indonesian labor to abroad so it can be reduce illegal migrants. Furthermore, the government should also provide capital to people who are trying to create jobs for other people. 

Indonesian society as part of modern society in the era of globalization should also participate actively in human development to reduce unemployment. Communities are also need to be more creative and independent. Creative and independent human are capable of being honed its skills by attending various training and skills that are not only oriented to work on people but to be entrepreneurs and create jobs for others. 

Participation of the private good can be realized by not only oriented to gain as much as possible from the community but also played a role in human development through giving the job training and internships, increased wages, creating jobs and distribution of labor to the regions and countries, and the last one is obeying every rule and government policy. 

2. Accountability of Government Troubleshooting Indonesia Labor to Overseas 

Various issues concerning migrant workers working abroad are enough attracted the attention of all aspects of society. The government considered less responsible and less concerned about the fate of migrant workers. It can be seen from the protection of migrant workers are still minimal problems. Government has yet to respond to cases that occurred and still have not made a decisive action for the country that commit acts of violence in our workforce, though the government realized that our labor in overseas are the largest source of foreign exchange. The low protection of migrant workers is not yet ratified the International Convention for the Protection of Migrant Workers and Their Families by the government of Indonesia. It is undeniable that the conventional is an attempt to minimize the dehumanization of migrant workers should have rights as to which men in general. 

Lack of government accountability can be seen from a variety of things. First, during the process of recruiting workers who wants to work in abroad is mostly done by PPTKIS that is through the broker who directly recruit migrant workers in the area. The brokers are free to recruit workers with no guarantee that if the jobs promised by brokers in accordance with earlier agreements. The existence of the brokers course fret a lot of parties and in fact the promised jobs do not fit and migrant workers are victims of human trafficking. 

Second, the centralized placement system that makes high-cost placements. Most of the migrant workers, especially informal workers, cut salaries of five-seven months. The pay cut is not fair and ultimately many cases of workers who fled from their employers because they are not paid and not getting good treatment. The amount of placement fee is of course due to the centralized placement system and a lack of government's role in the placement process so entirely left to the private sector to exploit the weaknesses and limitations of workers. The cost of expensive placements should be regulated by the government, including the provision of passport free, low-cost health screenings through the hospitals, and restrictions on recruitment costs should be regulated in the shrimp. 

Third, low government accountability is also seen from the weak role of local government. So far the role of local government ignored and the placement of workers created a centralized process that local governments do not have a significant role in the protection of migrant workers. Supposedly, the role of local government can be maximized in the process of placement, pre-placement training, also training centers can be maximized in order to reduce the cost of placement and easy to supervise PPTKIS. 

Fourth, the accountability of government through Indonesian labor insurance. Insurance concept which is currently running so it does not protect workers because of the obligation to pay 400 thousand per migrant workers are not offset by the benefits they receive. Claims cases are difficult and complicated, given the compensation is very difficult for experienced workers overseas events, and can not be used directly by the workers when sick. In addition, it can not be guaranteed in a hospital abroad as workers exposed to violence or accidents. Further, in their destination countries are obliged to pay local insurance which is actually more useful than the insurer in the country. It is time when the concept of Indonesian labor insurance is managed directly by the government to establish a trust fund with the trustee system. If necessary it is included in the recently passed BPJS that workers have social security, including pension and retirement. 

Fifth, the standard contract. During this time, the signing of the contract is submitted to the agency and the employer so that the contract workers vary. Even for informal workers, many of which do not have employment contracts. Granted in the Act emphasized the role of government in creating a standard employment contract for workers that are tailored to the sector of employment and conditions of the country of destination. That way, workers are protected in the legal aspects of formal and strict government control, and also in accordance with the agreed rules. Sixth, legal protection for migrant workers abroad who become victims of crime or committing a crime. This rule should expressly clarify the role of the state and the role of RI representative offices abroad to provide protection to the workers so that the government has a clear standard of protection and assertive in advocating for migrant workers. 

Governments should implement measures to improve policies placement and protection of migrant workers, including migrant workers handling problems, facilitation and problem solving operational workers, and providing advocacy and legal protection for migrant workers abroad. Government is obliged to issue a policy that reduces the problem of migrant workers such as revising legislation placement and protection of migrant workers, especially workers in the informal sector; revitalize BLK (Training Center) in order to generate candidates for a highly skilled workforce that no longer work in the informal sector. 

Governments are also needs to improve oversight not only when prospective workers is prepared at home, also for working abroad and after returning to the country, including overseeing the practice of labor agents; just send prospective migrants who have skills, as well as knowledge of language and culture country of destination; the right man on the right job for the placement policy and the protection of migrant workers abroad realize the convenience of working, and spur the availability of jobs in the country. In addition, there is need for improvement in the TKI database system that Embassy offices in foreign countries so that the government can also find out how many people work in the country. 

Government accountability can be enhanced through improved human resource competencies. Human resources are comprised of government resources sector, businessmen and labor resources. Competence includes three elements: the element of knowledge (knowledge) and skills (skills) which is a function of cognition, as well as socio-psychological elements of attitude and outlook which is a function of affection. Increased competence can be done by: a continuous education and training and match job demands, adequate material rewards in the form of wages and welfare systems, rewards and sanctions (rewards and punishment). 

[1] Win. 2012. Jumlah TKI Ilegal Lebih Banyak daripada TKI Legal. Source: http://jabar.tribunnews.com/2012/02/27/jumlah-tki-ilegal-lebih-banyak-daripada-tki-legal


[2] Nabellasefina. 2011. Kemlu Hadapi Dilemma Tangani TKI Bermasalah. Source:http://nabellasefina.blog.fisip.uns.ac.id/2011/09/07/kemlu-hadapi-dilema-tangani-tki-bermasalah/

The essential distinctions among the stages- of growth theory of development, the structural  change modal of LEWIS and Chenery, and the organization of international dependence in both its neo MARXIST and false paradigm conceptualizations

1.  Rostows’s stages of growth   

            Rostow is dividing a country's economic development process into five stages, namely: (1) phase of the traditional economy, with per capita income is low and stagnant economic activity, (2) preconditions for take-off stage, where the preconditions for the growth stages of preparation, (3) Phase take-off, is the beginning of the process of sustainable economic growth, (4) stage to maturity, in this case aimed at heading stage of economic maturity, (5) high mass consumption stage, the stage has entered a stage of development associated with the industry

2. The Harrod-Domar growth model

             This theory emphasizes the concept of natural growth rate. In addition to the quantity of production factors of labor also increases the efficiency calculated for the education and training. This model can determine how much savings or investments required to maintain the natural economic growth rate that is a natural economic growth rate multiplied by the capital-output ratio.

 3. The Structural change model of Lewis

This model is a special model that describes the case of developing countries whose population is growing a lot. The emphasis is on the transfer of surplus population in the agricultural sector into the modern capitalist sector of the industry-funded from the surplus profits. Structural change models of Lewis stated that if the surplus labor of the modern industrial sector has labors absorption is higher, so it will promote the industrialization and by itself will spur the development of sustainable.

·         4. The structural change model of Chenery

This model focus on structural changes in the stages of the process of economic change, industrial and institutional structures of emerging economies, which experienced a transformation from traditional agriculture to switch to the industrial sector as the main engine of economic growth. Hollis Chenery research conducted on the transformation of production structure shows that the increased role of the industrial sector in the economy in line with the increase in income per capita is happening in a country closely linked with the accumulation of capital and improving human resources (human capital). This pattern also requires that in addition to physical and human capital accumulation, it is also necessary that the set of interrelated changes in the structure of the economy of a country for the implementation of the change from the traditional economic system into a modern economic system. These structural changes involve the entire economy functions, including transformation of production and changes in the composition of consumer demand, international trade and changes in socio-economic such as urbanization, population growth and distribution.

·          5. The Neocolonial –Dependence Model

Model of colonial dependence is an indirect outgrowth of Marxist thinking. The main idea is that a disproportionate relationship between the central state which consists of the developed and the periphery is composed of the developing world. This model also argues that small elite in developing countries, such as the military, entrepreneurs, and the authorities, contributed to the preservation of retardation. Because they help preserve the international capitalist system is unjust, oppressive, and they do get benefit from it.

·        6. The false-paradigm model

Underdevelopment of Third World countries is caused by errors or inaccuracies counsel/advice given by advisers and experts from international aid agencies and donor countries, multinational donors. Advice or suggestions they may mean well but often do not have enough information about the country to be assisted, especially developing countries.

          I think the best explanation is related to the situation in most developing countries is the neocolonial dependence model (neo-Marxist). This model explains that economic development on developing countries depend on developed countries, especially in direct investment (foreign capital loans) in the mining sector and import of goods produced. Most developing countries are in a phase change into an agricultural state of emergency state of the industry that relies heavily on developed countries in terms of providing technology that is able to increase state revenue through a variety of sectors that would require a lot of technology in addition to its human quality. Automatically so that developing countries rely heavily on developed countries, where dependence is not balanced relationship between the central state of the State periphery.

CROSS CULTURAL

What’s the meaning of cross cultural study??

The term "cross-cultural studies" appear in the social sciences in the 1930s, inspired by the cross-cultural survey conducted by George Peter Murdock, an anthropologist from Yale University. This term refers to the first comparative studies based on cultural data compilation. But that term is slowly getting into the expansion of the meaning of the interactive relationship between individuals of two or more different cultures (Wikipedia, 2012). In the context of the first sense, cross-cultural research is a study in various fields of science is done by comparing the various elements of several cultures. Comparative study in the fields of politics, economy, communications, sociology, media theory, cultural anthropology, philosophy, literature, linguistics and music (ethnomusicology) is some form of assessment in this context. In the context of the second sense, the study focused on cross-cultural study of various forms of interactions between individuals of different cultural groups. Cross-cultural studies in this perspective take everyday human interaction as part of the culture that needs to be examined carefully because, as with an understanding of anthropological view of culture as a whole way of life (way of life). Therefore, the cultural elements that need to be investigated should not just be a 'spectacular'. Things that used to do, felt, spoken, heard, seen, or experienced in their daily interactions by two or more individuals with different cultural backgrounds is an observation area of ​​cross-cultural studies. Contemporary cross-cultural studies tend to fall into the "cross-cultural studies" that means both of the above.

We realize that every culture has a peculiar to each and often contradictory. In one particular cultural attitude is acceptable, but not in other cultures. Therefore, we urgently need to learn about cross-cultural understanding so that those differences do not cause problems or misunderstandings for both parties involved.

In many cases, cultural conflict can be found in various place where is meeting multi-cultural. For example, Bali is a place where meeting western culture (foreign tourists) and eastern cultures (native). As we know that western culture is more independent and want to open with others, whereas eastern culture is more family, who wants to know and be open to other people. A culture requires more space than the other cultures. While other cultures should feel that free space is formed together. When examined further, then each has different rules that illuminate the same reality, namely the placement of up to others. Rules that one tends to take a distance, while others are more likely to eliminate the gap in the level of community relations.

Cultural conflict can lead to the emergence of a greater problem for both sides are guilty of misunderstanding. Small problem, on greeting the public can relate to destroy the real purpose is to society. Cultural conflict is likely to raise issues in the multicultural society. Therefore, anyone and especially young people need to learn about cross-cultural understanding so that they can understand the cultural differences as an opportunity to enrich the culture and arts of human life.

So, cross cultural is understanding of cultural diversity is there in the world as well as the cultural impact on the continuity of the social community within a particular culture. Function of cross-cultural self is to stretch our tolerance when dealing with community members from different cultures with our own.

Decentralization to get efficiency

Efficiency

1. Economically: improving efficiency in the provision of local goods and services required of local communities That, reduce costs, increase of output and more effective to use of human resources.

2. Politically: decentralization is considered to strengthen accountability, political skills and the national integration. Decentralization of government closer to citizens, giving freedom, equality and welfare, to improve participatory democracy.

Politics

Before decentralization, the system is centralized, all decision / policy issued by the center, the area just waiting for instructions from the center to implement the policies outlined by the Act. The policies and decisions produced by people who are in the central government so that the time to decide a case becomes longer. In Addition, decisions and policies issued by the central government is also not on target. And then, various local regulation which was originally to be approved by the central government.

After Decentralization, it can be determined by the Regional Head That development independently so on target, then the area is free to exploit the existing natural resources as a source of revenue. With authority owned, regency / city can determine its own priorities in accordance with the regional development potential.

Economics
1. Investment licensing, which the area can be set and give permission without approval from the central government. Through the decentralization, the expected investment procedures will be more so easily so that potential areas can be utilized as much as possible for the prosperity of the people.

2. The Relationship Between central and local Finances need to get the settings so the expenditure will be the responsibility of the area can be funded from revenue sources that exist. In this case, the provision of public goods should be held by the local government

For example in Indonesia: fiscal decentralization

Through fiscal decentralization, is expected to increase of the efficiency of local financial administration and a clear arrangement of the sources of state and local income and share the profit of the revenue sources related to the natural wealth, taxes and levies. The impact of fiscal decentralization policy, based on economic calculations, Appears major changes in the budgets area counties and cities where there was an increase of to raise a remarkable, That have especially for areas of natural resources.

Therefore, people will choose to live in environments That meet the area budget of the highest preference Among the public service of a local authority with the taxes paid by the public. When people do not like the policies of local Governments in the imposition of taxes to finance public goods are local, then there are only two choices for the citizens, namely to leave the area or stay in the region by Trying to change the policies of local Governments through legislative

Goods/services of the public who have large economies of scale, Such as defense and security, would be more efficient if conducted by the central government. While the goods / services of the public without the large economies of scale would be more efficient if provided by local Governments.

Fast Track….

Fast track..

Fast berarti cepat…

Track berarti lintasan…

So, fast track = lintasan cepat

Fast track merupakan salah satu bentuk beasiswa unggulan yang diadakan oleh pemerintah yaitu melalui kemendikbud. Fast track ini adalah salah satu bentuk perhatian pemerintah dalam rangka meningkatkan kualitas sumber daya manusia Indonesia, yang nantinya diharapkan mampu membangun Indonesia lebih baik dan dapat mensejahterahkan Indonesia. Seperti yang kita ketahui, bahwasannya faktor utama dalam penentuan keberhasilan pembangunan adalah manusia. Untuk itu, pembangunan sumber daya manusia Indonesia merupakan sesuatu yang urgent demi masa depan Indonesia.

Beruntungnya, saya merupakan salah satu dari sekian orang yang mendapatkan kesempatan untuk “menikmati” program fast track ini. Kerja keras selama 3,5 tahun di S1 ternyata membuahkan hasil dengan dipercayanya program ini untuk dapat saya nikmati ke jenjang berikutnya. Namun, dari awal mendengar nama program ini saya sudah membayangkan bahwa ini bukanlah sesuatu yang biasa, bukanlah sesuatu yang mudah/gampang untuk dijalani dan dinikmati dari setiap proses yang ada.

Eng… ing… eng… ternyata bayangan dan dugaan saya benar. Lintasan cepat ini membutuhkan energi, taktik, dan manajemen (yang semuanya dalam ukuran ‘luar biasa’) sehingga dapat berlari cepat di lintasan untuk sampai tujuan dengan cepat pula. Dimulai dengan perkuliahan yang menggunakan bahasa Inggris, jadwal perkuliahan yang seringkali 1 matakul 2x seminggu, magang di SMA/SMP serta Go Blog (bentuk ISR dari program ini).

Saya percaya bahwa ini bukan sebuah kebetulan ataupun sebuah keberuntungan semata. Saya percaya ini adalah salah satu bentuk kepercayaan Yang Maha Kuasa kepada saya untuk menjadi pribadi yang luar biasa. Yap, saya ingat mimpi saya bahwa saya tidak ingin menjadi orang yang biasa-biasa saja, I want to be history maker. Saya punya Allah yang luar biasa, Dia tahu apa yang terbaik untuk saya, dan saya selalu berusaha untuk memberikan yang terbaik dari setiap usaha saya. Mimpi ini akan saya bagikan untuk adik-adik saya. Jadilah pemimpi yang besar, yang tidak hanya bermimpi tetapi bangunlah mimpi itu dari setiap tindakan kecilmu sehari-hari. 

With God, Yes I can..

Total dan Tuntas… J